The temperature at which the liquid–gas phase change occurs. The temperature at which the solid–liquid phase change occurs. The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right.Įlements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell.Ī horizontal row in the periodic table. For example, one sixth-grade textured gold and two legs means a piece of gold which weighs one baht is sold for six baht and two saleung.A vertical column in the periodic table. As for the transaction where the value of gold exceeded one baht, the excess amount was called leg (Kha). Gold with a nineth-grade texture (Thong Neua Gao) was priced the highest, namely at 9 baht (unit of currency) per 1 baht (unit of mass). This type of gold was sold for 4 baht (unit of currency) per 1 baht (unit of mass). Gold with a lowest degree of purity is called gold with a fourth-grade texture (Thong Neua Si). Gold with less finesse was called differently according to the degree of purity, namely eighth-, seventh-, and sixth-grade-textured gold. Pure gold which had not been alloyed with other metals was called gold with ninth-grade texture (Thong Neua Kao) or gold which weighs nine (Noppakhun Kao Nam). Chiang Saen people measured gold by weight and finesse. This was a tradition observed by the people in ancient city of Chiang Saen. Each piece of gold had different texture(neua) or weight(nam) of gold. Gold prices were categorised, given names and denominations. It thus became the poplar name of this type of coins, namely ‘Tae Meng coins’.ĭuring the reign of King Rama IV or King Mongkut, gold prices in Thailand was tied to silver standards as had previously been since ancient times. Tae meng is King Rama IV’s royal initials in Chinese. These Chinese characters are read in Taochew dialect as ‘tae meng tong bo’, meaning Tae Meng’s treasures. There are four Chinese characters placed in four directions around the main design. On the reverse side, there is a large Keaw Ching Duang or Thai honeycomb design with a text in the center which reads ‘Kyung Siam’ in Thai. On the outermost of the rim is decorated with a pollen design. Along the rim is a design of 32 stars, referring to the value of 32 fueang, which equals 4 baht or 1 tamlueng. On the field of the coins is decorated with a botanical design.
The obverse side depicts the emblem of the royal crown with shining rays, and a royal umbrella on both sides. The coins are round, flat, measuring 45 millimeters in diameter, and have a flat rim. The denomination of the coin is indicated by the image of stars on the obverse and along the rim of the coins. It had the value of 4 baht and the weight of 60 grams which corresponded to the age number of the King. When King Mongkut was to celebrate His Majesty’s 60th birthday in 1864, the King commissioned the production of a set of silver and gold coinage called Tae Meng Tong Bo. The first production of commemorative coins in Thailand occurred around the same time.
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